Crit Care Nurse. 2011 Dec;31(6):16-26

Authors: Yarema TC, Yost S

Abstract
Septic shock is the 13th leading cause of death in the United States. The rate of severe sepsis nearly doubled and mortality increased more than 60% during the 10-year period ending in 2003. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome has noninfectious and infectious causes. Noninfectious ones include burns, trauma, severe pancreatitis, and therapy with monoclonal antibodies or immunomodulatory drugs such as interleukin 2. Progression from sepsis syndrome to septic shock is caused by a series of immune responses. As an infectious injury progresses, host activation of the coagulation, immunological, and stress response systems ensues, resulting in tissue hypoperfusion and organ failure. Early studies with small numbers of patients suggest that treatment with low-dose corticosteroids has marked beneficial effects on shock reversal, the immune system, and the hemodynamic profile. Low-dose corticosteroids should only be administered to a subset of patients with septic shock who are unresponsive to fluid replacement and vasopressor therapy.

PMID: 22135328 [PubMed - in process]

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Because in a Th1 cell–prone environment MDSC suppression is only NOS2 dependent (34), we examined the role of PDE5 in MDSCs in a C57BL/6 background where NOS2–/– mice are also available. CD11b+ MDSCs were isolated from either C57BL/6-NOS2+/+ or B16GM-bearing C57BL/6-NOS2–/– B16GM melanoma-bearing mice. A suppression assay was performed by stimulating OVA-specific CD4+ T cells with the relevant peptide in the presence or absence of MDSCs obtained from either NOS2+/+ or NOS2–/– tumor-bearing mice (Fig. 7 C). Although the addition of C57BL/6-NOS2+/+ MDSCs induced considerable T cell suppression, no suppression was observed with MDSCs from NOS2–/– mice. Furthermore, although PDE5 inhibition reversed MDSC suppression in NOS2+/+ mice, sildenafil failed to augment T cell responsiveness in the NOS2–/–-derived MDSC suppression assay. 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